Tuesday, 22 April 2008

Conjugated polymers

A few weeks ago, I submitted an abstract for the Annual Research Conference held by the Faculty of Science and Technology of the University of Central Lancashire where I've started a PhD a few months ago. Because the research field I'm working on has quite a few interesting and exciting applications, and because I don't really have any new results yet, I will be presenting a general poster on conjugated polymers.

I first entitled it "Can we really make flexible/foldable flat screens and solar panels?" and tried to make a very general approach, because there aren’t many chemistry students here. However, my supervisor didn’t agree with the catchy title, because he said it was misleading for we aren’t going to build flat screens or solar panels. Well I might agree, but from the abstract I think it was pretty clear that we weren’t. Anyway, though I think the final abstract is a bit hard to chew for a general audience, even if scientific, or even for chemists I would like to share it with you:

Conjugated polymers for plastic optoelectronics

Traditionally, polymers have been used as insulators; however, in 1977, Shirakawa, MacDiarmid, and Heeger made a discovery that changed this conception. They discovered that doping of polyacetylene with electron-acceptor compounds greatly increased its electrical conductivity to levels comparable to that of metals. For this breakthrough, and the development of the field of conducting polymers, these scientists were awarded the 2000 Nobel Prize in chemistry[1,2,3]. This opened the door to a new area called plastic electronics, which combines the optoelectronic properties of semiconductors with the mechanical properties of plastics[4]. A wide range of hi-tech applications are possible: light-emitting diodes for display technologies and solid state lighting, organic solar cells and transistors, memory modules and circuits, nanotechnologies, sensors, batteries and capacitors, bio-applications, etc.
Structural variations in such polymers and their functionalization allow the tuning of their electronic and photophysical properties. Synthesis of novel conjugated polymers and model oligomers, as well as studying how structure relates to electronic properties and functions are key points for the development of new materials and devices.
This project will be devoted to the design, synthesis, and study of novel pi-conjugated systems mainly based on fluorene- and thiophene-based conjugates. Academically, we will focus our research on understanding how the structure of synthesised materials affects on their electronic properties. Industrially we will look on the potential of their use in particular applications, mainly focusing of light-emitting diodes, transistors and photovoltaics.

[1] H. Shirakawa. Angew. Chem. 2001, 40:2574.
[2] A. G. MacDiarmid. Angew. Chem. 2001, 40:2581.
[3] A. J. Heeger. Angew. Chem. 2001, 40:2591.
[4] Conjugated Polymers. T. A. Skotheim and J. R. Reynolds, Eds. 3rd Ed. Vols. 1, 2. CRC Press: Boca Raton, 2007.

Thursday, 10 April 2008

Education

I was thinking of doing this blog in English, but today I read a text called "the screen generation" from a known Portuguese writer that I would like to stress out and share.
This text is about the school nowadays. I think things in Portugal are really getting out of hand. I know in the UK there are also a lot of issues with young people’s misbehaviour. While in the UK I think it happens mainly in the streets and as group behaviour, in Portugal this comes up much more often during classes and in the school environment.
I will try to give an idea of what the text says, in a few sentences. One of the central issues is that only people who haven’t been attentive to the school settings can be shocked by the recent events occurring in Portugal, when a video of a student girl harming a female teacher appeared on TV. The question here, says the text, is much deeper. No one wants to admit that there is a violence problem in schools but now there is undisputed evidence. The author then points out that the reason for this is a much wider lack of education of the youngsters. And she points the finger strait at TV. In her opinion the hours passed in front of the TV create a lack of character in young people giving them the idea that they can take everything for granted. No rules are needed, no hard work; life can just be a pleasure avenue. The writer finishes saying that schools are used for everything except education and homes are used for everything except to learn how to behave.

A Geração do ecrã por Alice Vieira, Escritora

Desculpem se trago hoje à baila a história da professora agredida pela aluna, numa escola do Porto, um caso de que já toda a gente falou, mas estive longe da civilização por uns dias e, diante de tudo o que agora vi e ouvi (sim, também vi o vídeo), palavra que a única coisa que acho verdadeiramente espantosa é o espanto das pessoas.

Só quem não tem entrado numa escola nestes últimos anos, só quem não contacta com gente desta idade, só quem não anda nas ruas nem nos transportes públicos, só quem nunca viu os 'Morangos com açúcar', só quem tem andado completamente cego (e surdo) de todo é que pode ter ficado surpreendido.

Se isto fosse o caso isolado de uma aluna que tivesse ultrapassado todos os limites e agredido uma professora pelo mais fútil dos motivos - bem estaríamos nós! Haveria um culpado, haveria um castigo, e o caso arrumava-se.

Mas casos destes existem pelas escolas do país inteiro. (Só mesmo a sr.ª ministra - que não entra numa escola sem avisar...- é que tem coragem de afirmar que não existe violência nas escolas...)

Este caso só é mais importante do que outros porque apareceu em vídeo, e foi levado à televisão, e agora sim, agora sabemos finalmente que a violência existe!

O pior é que isto não tem apenas a ver com uma aluna, ou com uma professora, ou com uma escola, ou com um estrato social.

Isto tem a ver com qualquer coisa de muito mais profundo e muito mais assustador.

Isto tem a ver com a espécie de geração que estamos a criar.

Há anos que as nossas crianças não são educadas por pessoas. Há anos que as nossas crianças são educadas por ecrãs.

E o vidro não cria empatia. A empatia só se cria se, diante dos nossos olhos, tivermos outros olhos, se tivermos um rosto humano.

E por isso as nossas crianças crescem sem emoções, crescem frias por dentro, sem um olhar para os outros que as rodeiam.

Durante anos, foram criadas na ilusão de que tudo lhes era permitido.

Durante anos, foram criadas na ilusão de que a vida era uma longa avenida de prazer, sem regras, sem leis, e que nada, absolutamente nada, dava trabalho.

E durante anos os pais e os professores foram deixando que isto acontecesse.

A aluna que agrediu esta professora (e onde estavam as auxiliares-não-sei-de-quê, que dantes se chamavam contínuas, que não deram por aquela barulheira e nem sequer se lembraram de abrir a porta da sala para ver o que se passava?) é a mesma que empurra um velho no autocarro, ou o insulta com palavrões de carroceiro (que me perdoem os carroceiros), ou espeta um gelado na cara de uma (outra) professora, e muitas outras coisas igualmente verdadeiras que se passam todos os dias.

A escola, hoje, serve para tudo menos para estudar.
A casa, hoje, serve para tudo menos para dar (as mínimas) noções de comportamento.

E eles vão continuando a viver, desumanizados, diante de um ecrã.

E nós deixamos.

In Jornal de Notícias, 30.3.2008


In my opinion TV isn’t the only problem, or in fact not the real problem. On the one hand there is a general lack of respect for authority figures amongst younger populations, which I think is widespread all over the world. And this problem has been growing for a few generations now. On the other hand there is also an increasing distance between people and a general lack of human contact, which adds up to the rest. Anyway this a far too complex theme to be discussed in a such a short space (and this post is already far too long). There are too many responsibilities and at the same time no ‘one’ to blame.